Rice Flower

by admin on October 10, 2010

Rice Flower


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Rice Flower

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Coastal Sandy Tracts Under Rice Ecosystem

Introduction

In general in agro-ecosystems, soil receives considerable carbon inputs from a variety of sources including leaf fall, stubbles, roots and root exudates as well as through external sources including farm yard manure and compost. The semi-dry system of rice cultivation is mainly confined to tracts that depend on rains and have no supplementary irrigation facilitiesIn this semi-dry system part of the rice crop’s life cycle passes under aerobic conditions and part under anaerobic conditions. In the conventional rice cultivation practiced in irrigated areas, rice crops’ life cycle passes completely under anaerobic condition.  The amount and quality of organic carbon are crucial factors influencing soil productivity.  The endemic deficiency of organic matter in tropical sandy soils particularly those under the influence of arid and semi arid climates are a major factor contributing to their low productivity. To improve the soil organic carbon   content, organic system of nutrient management is essential to meet the nutrient requirement of the crops as well as to improve the soil organic carbon status. Soil organic matter in soils with tropical upland conditions is more difficult than in soils used for lowland rice conditions.(Sahrawat,2005).Kaboneka et al (1997) found that wheat straw,corn stover or soybean stubble were mineralized during 30 days incubation. Mineralization of green manure is slow in semidry condition hence compost or animal manures can be used as an organic source for semidry rice. Experiments were conducted to explore the possibility of recycling a common weed in the study area, Ipomea cornea as an organic source for semi dry rice.

Materials and Methods

The study area, located in east coastal area of southern peninsular India at longitude (E) 78010’- 79027’ and latitude (N) 9005’- 9056’. The green leaves of Ipomea cornea harvested from wastelands near the experimental site were chopped and mixed with cattle / poultry manures and wetted with deionized water to bring the mix to 60 per cent moisture content.  Under laboratory conditions, 5 kg of the green leaves of Ipomea cornea was composted with cattle manure and poultry manure @ 0.625, 1.25, 1.88 and 2.50 kg anaerobically for 30 days.  The matured compost was obtained at the end of composting period (30 days).  The nutrient contents of the organic materials composted are furnished in Table 1. The moisture content was maintained at 60 per cent.  Since the composting was done under anaerobic condition, the mix was not turned.  The ‘mix’ was subsequently maintained at this anaerobic condition.  A total of nine treatments were replicated for five times.  The CO2 –C evolution was measured at weekly intervals. (Bundy and Bremner, 1972). Separate containers were kept for each of the 5 sampling intervals so that once opened for CO2 –C measurement, the container could be discarded.    

 Field experiments were conducted in coastal sandy tracts with rice-rice cropping sequence under semi-dry condition.  The experimental soil (Typic Tropaquept) was alkaline in soil reaction (soil: water ratio 1:2) (pH 8.7), low in
N (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) (90 kg ha-), P (Olsen et al., 1954) (4.2 kg ha-1) and high in available K (Stanford and English, 1949)(324 kg ha-1 ) .The initial soil organic carbon content was 1.2 g kg-1.  The Ipomea cornea compost obtained from another batch of composting was applied basally (10 kg / plot) as per the treatment schedule.  The experimental plot size was 5 x 4 m2.  The design of the experiment was a randomized block design with three replicates.  The oxidizable soil organic carbon content was measured (Walkely and Black, 1934) in various growth stages of rice, tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and harvest stages.  At harvest stage, rice grain and straw yields and soil temperature were recorded.

Result and Discussion

CO2 -C   evolution

     Faster mineralization followed by a steady decline in the rate of mineralization with time.  Initially, the mineralization was faster; with increase in the period of composting, there was a steady decline in the mineralization rate.  The exponential nature of carbon mineralization from soil organic matter and added plant residues was previously reported by Vanlauwe et al., (1994).  At all sampling intervals, the lowest amount of C was mineralized from poultry manure and the highest from cattle manure.  The pattern of C mineralization from Ipomea cornea compost was similar to that of the control soil from fourth week after incubation onwards; indicating that most of the C added through compost had been mineralized within four weeks of incubation (Figure1). High rates of CO2-C evolution from the Ipomea cornea –cattle manure compost immediately after incubation was noticed. This could be due to the presence of easily decomposable organic compounds in the cattle manure as compared to less easily decomposable organic compounds in the poultry manure.  Poultry manure contains large amounts of CaCO3, struvite and other basic compounds (Bril and Solomons, 1990).  Low level of decomposition in Ipomea cornea-poultry manure compost could be attributed to high concentration of Ca and neutralization of organic acids and H+ by Ca and buffering reactions (Mahimairaja et al., 1995).

Field Experiment

 Oxidizable soil organic carbon content

  At all stages of crop growth, significant improvements in oxidizable soil organic carbon content were observed in the Ipomea cornea-poultry manure compost treatments as compared to in the control and Ipomea cornea-cattle manure compost treatments. Highest oxidizable soil organic carbon content (4.30 g C kg-1) was recorded for the Ipomea cornea-poultry manure (50% RD) compost treatment (Table 3).  Many studies have revealed a direct linear relationship between soil organic carbon storage and gross annual C input to soil (Halvin et al., 1990; Paustian et al., (1992).   With increase in the level of Poultry manure (50% RD) used in the compost, Oxidizable soil organic carbon content was increased. 

 Yield of rice

 Application of Ipomea cornea-poultry manure compost (37.5%RD) recorded higher grain (3550 kg ha-1) and straw yields (4260 kg ha-1) which was on par with the application of Ipomea cornea-poultry manure compost (50% RD) (Table 4).  This could be due to the higher amount of CaCO3 in the poultry manure.  Calcium in poultry manure exchange with Na in the soil exchange complex, thereby reduce the ill effects of Na on soil and plant.  The experimental site was alkaline in soil reaction. Despite a higher nutrient content in the poultry manure as compared to cattle manure the presence of CaCO3 in poultry manure could have favourable effect on the experimental soil. Low yield in Ipomea cornea-cattle manure compost applied plots could be due to the lesser amounts of nutrients added through cattle manure.  

Soil Temperature

 At harvest stage a negative linear correlation between soil temperature and soil organic matter status was observed (Figure 2).  As soil organic matter status increased, decrease in soil temperature was noticed.

 Conclusions

 Ipomea cornea   is one of the most rapidly spreading weeds in southern peninsular India. It is fast encroaching on cultivated lands, water reservoirs and waste lands. Significant amount of time, effort and money has been used for its eradication. Recycling of this weed Ipomea cornea could serve dual purpose of its eradication and serving as a better organic material. Ipomea cornea   could be composted with animal manures and used as manure for semidry rice cultivation. Between cattle manure and poultry manure, Ipomea cornea   composted with poultry manure recorded lower CO2 evolution,wider C:N ratio and higher rice yield and organic carbon status

 REFERENCES

Bril and Solomons, 1990. Chemical composition of animal manure: A modeling   approach.  Neth.J. Agric. Sci, 38, 333-351.    

Bundy, L.G., and Bremner, J.M. 1972. A simple titrimetric method for the determination of inorganic carbon in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36, 273-275.

Havlin, J.L., Kissel, D.E., Maddux, L.d., Classen, M.M and Long, J.H. 1990.  Crop         Rotation and  tillage  effects  on  soil  organic  carbon  and  nitrogen .Soil       Sci. Soc. Am. J, 54, 448-456.

Kaboneka,S.,Sabbe ,W.E.,and Mauromaustakos,A.1997.Carbon decomposition kinetics and N mineralization from corn,soyabean and wheat residues.Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.28(15&16):1359-1373.

Mahimairaja, S., Bolan, N.S and Hedley. M.J. 1995.Dissolution of phosphate rock       during the composting of poultry manure: An incubation experiment. Fert. Res, 40, 93-104.

Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.L., Watanabe, F.S., and Dean, D.A. 1954.  Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by the extraction with sodium bicarbonate, U.S.D.A., Circ. 939.

Paustian, K., Parton , W. J. and Persson, J. 1992. Modeling soil organic matter in   organic amended and N fertilized long term plots. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J, 56, 476-478.

Stanford, S and English L. 1949.  Use of flame photo meter in rapid soil test of K and Ca.  Agron J., 41 : 446-447.

Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. 1956.  A rapid procedure for the estimation of available N in soils.  Curr. Sci., 25 : 259-260.

Vanlauwe, B., Dendooven, L. and Merckx, R.1994. Residue fractionation and      Decomposition: the significance of the active fraction .Pl. Soil, 158, 263-274.

Walkley, A and C.A. Black. 1935. An examination of methods for determining organic carbon and N in soils. J. agric. Sci, 25, 598-609.

Table 1.  Nutrient contents of manures (mg g-1 of dry matter) used in the

                Study (Mean values)

 

Nutrients

Cattle manure

Poultry manure

Ipomea cornea

N

32.5

45.0

11.6

P

7.0

16.5

3.8

K

16.0

18.5

3.1

Ca

6.5

43.0

1.2

Mg

6.5

5.5

3.8

S

3.5

5.5

2.7

Organic carbon

112

238

601

Organic matter

193

410

1036

 

 

 

Table 2.  Estimated quantity (kg ha-1) of nutrients added to the soil through the

                manures evaluated in this study

 

Treatments

Amount of cattle/poultry manure added

(tha-1)

Nutrients added through manures (kg ha-1)

 

 

 

N

P

K

Cattle manure

12.5% of RD*

 

0.625

 

20.31

 

4.38

 

10.00

25.0 % of RD

1.250

40.63

8.75

20.00

37.5% of RD

1.875

60.94

13.13

30.00

50.0% of RD

2.500

81.25

17.50

40.00

Poultry manure

12.5% of RD*

 

0.625

 

28.13

 

10.31

 

11.56

25.0 % of RD

1.250

56.25

20.63

23.13

37.5% of RD

1.875

84.38

30.94

34.69

50.0% of RD

2.500

112.50

41.25

46.25

 

(*RD -Recommended dose-5t ha-1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3 . Oxidizable soil organic carbon in crop growing period (g kg-1 soil)

 

Treatments

Tillering

Panicle Initiation

Flowering

Harvest

Cattle manure

12.5% of RD

 

1.4

 

1.6

 

1.7

 

1.9

25.0 % of RD

1.7

2.0

2.2

2.5

37.5% of RD

1.9

2.3

2.6

3.0

50.0% of RD

2.3

2.5

2.8

3.1

Poultry manure

12.5% of RD

 

1.6

 

2.0

 

2.2

 

2.5

25.0 % of RD

2.1

2.3

2.6

3.2

37.5% of RD

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.4

50.0% of RD

2.8

3.3

3.6

4.3

 

 

 

Table  4  .  Yield (Kg ha-1) as influenced by the incorporation of organics

 

Treatments

Grain

Straw

Cattle manure

12.5% of RD

 

2320

 

2784

25.0 % of RD

2574

3063

37.5% of RD

3265

3918

50.0% of RD

3097

3685

Poultry manure

12.5% of RD

 

2725

 

3270

25.0 % of RD

3287

3912

37.5% of RD

3550

4260

50.0% of RD

3425

4110

SEd

137

164

CD(P:0.05)

325

389

Table.5 Cumulative CO2-C mineralization (mg kg-1) in the compost

 

(i) Ipomea cornea – cattle manure compost

 

 

Treatments

Incubation intervals (weeks)

IC-CM

1

2

3

4

5

12.5% RD

300

650

810

790

720

25.0 % RD

345

687

835

797

754

37.5%  RD

373

692

869

804

805

50.0%  RD

410

724

925

910

831

SEd

3.86

5.09

2.69

2.39

1.61

CD(P=0.05)

9.45

12.47

6.58

5.85

3.94

Soil

1.0

1.2

1.9

1.6

1.5

 

  (ii) Ipomea cornea – poultry manure compost

 

Treatments

Incubation intervals (weeks)

IC-PM

1

2

3

4

5

12.5%  RD

200

390

454

442

420

25.0 % RD

227

415

475

457

443

37.5%  RD

254

452

517

489

481

50.0%  RD

273

469

534

510

528

SEd

0.95

0.93

0.81

1.99

3.45

CD(P=0.05)

2.33

2.28

1.99

4.88

8.45

Soil

1.00

1.20

1.90

1.60

1.50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author

R.K.Kaleeswari a and Richard Bell b

a Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India

b Murdoch University,90 South Street,Murdoch.Perth,Western Australia 6150

Rice Flower Questions


Can molasses with rice made into fertilizer for flowers?

I have this experiment in mind that if I combine molasses and rice then poof! I can make fertilizer for flowers. It has been found out that molasses can be made into fertilizer for selective crops, but can molasses be made into fertilizer for flowering plants?

You are on the right track, but you will need to let the rice(cooked, possibly steamed to retain nutrients) decompose(rot really well) befor you use it. Also you may wish to pasturize(yes like milk) because rice cakes are know for growing all kinds of molds and fungi’s. The molasses works great by itself(mixed in luke warm water of course), and would do better if added to you rice mix after pasteurization.
One thing that you should note is that plain white rice does not have that high of a nutrient level, so brown or long grain would be the way to go.

Girls what would you think of this…?

A boyfriend for Valentines Day…

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Makes her a video Valentines Day card with the couples best pictures together, the couples song playing in the background, and of course sweet messages (The boyfriend is an editor so the video was really nice)

Then he cooks a gourmet meal including stuffed chicken breasts over rice.

The girl then says at dinner “what you couldnt get me flowers”?

Meanwhile the guy ends up really getting nothing because according to her Valentines Day is about the women…
She was serious 100% sure

That girl does not deserve you…..Valentines day is not about women..its about couples….a couple in your case involves a man and a woman…what did she do for you in the first place??

Rice Flower Videos

How To Prepare Pink Rice Flower – lwflowers.com

AG Re:coil Product ReviewS

It has never been easier to shop for Rice Flower, So

run don”t walk and pick up Rice Flower at bargain

prices!


Stainless Steel Vegetable Cutters #K8444 100% Made in Japan!!


Stainless Steel Vegetable Cutters #K8444 100% Made in Japan!!


$3.78


Set of 4 stainless steel cutters for vegetables and canapes. These cutters measure 1 inch in diameter and stand 1 1/2 inches tall. Great for carrots, zuchinni and yam slices!…

Edible Butterflies © - Small Assorted Pink and Purple Set of 24 - Cake and Cupcake Toppers, Decoration


Edible Butterflies © – Small Assorted Pink and Purple Set of 24 – Cake and Cupcake Toppers, Decoration


$9.95


***All items require 3 business days (Mon-Fri) BEFORE shipping as they are made to order – please pay close attention to your order confirmation expected ship (date they are sent for shipping) and expected delivery (date you can expect to receive them)***

Use regular frosting or corn syrup to adhere to most food items, wine glasses, or serving dishes. Fold up the wings on either side of the body …


Zojirushi NSRNC-18A 10-Cup (Uncooked) Automatic Rice Cooker and Warmer with Floral Imprint


Zojirushi NSRNC-18A 10-Cup (Uncooked) Automatic Rice Cooker and Warmer with Floral Imprint


$89.95


Decorated with delicately drawn and colored flowers, this 700-watt appliance cooks up to 10 cups of rice and then automatically keeps the rice at the proper temperature for up to 12 hours. A locking lid ensures rice stays fresh and moist. Lights indicate whether the unit is in “cook” or “warm” mode, and turning on the cooker requires nothing more than pushing a lever. A nonstick coating on the coo…

Battery Operated 20 LED String Lights on Silver Wire 7ft Long. For Use in Floral Arrangements Party, Wedding Decorating and More


Battery Operated 20 LED String Lights on Silver Wire 7ft Long. For Use in Floral Arrangements Party, Wedding Decorating and More


$3.46


These battery operated LED Rice string WHITE lights are perfect for use in floral arrangements (not waterproof) party decorating bridal bouquets cake tops doll houses miniatures Christmas trees wreaths costumes and whatever your imagination comes up with. 20 Steady Burn White LED Lights on a 7 Foot Silver wire. Operates on 3 “AA” batteries (not included) with at least a 15 hour operating time….

The Light Garden WLWB96 Electric/Corded Willow Branch with 96 Incandescent Lights, 40 Inch


The Light Garden WLWB96 Electric/Corded Willow Branch with 96 Incandescent Lights, 40 Inch


$24.99


Bring a warm, inviting glow to any setting with The Light Garden’s beautiful illuminated willow branches. Add them to your existing floral arrangements or plants, or use them on their own for a truly dramatic touch. The Light Garden illuminated floral creations are ideal for use in your home or office, and at special events such as weddings and birthdays.

Use them anywhere indoors, or outside in …


Gerson 36854 31-Inch Chinese Lantern with 30 Clear Rice Lights, Orange


Gerson 36854 31-Inch Chinese Lantern with 30 Clear Rice Lights, Orange


$22.99


31″ Orange Chinese Lantern Electric Everlasting Glow Gerson Lighted Branch (30 Clear Lights)…

Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C. - The Final Season


Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C. – The Final Season


$11.10


All 30 episodes from the fifth and final season–including “Car for Sale,” “A Tattoo for Gomer,” “Flower Power,” “Show Time with Sgt. Carol,” and “Goodbye Camp Henderson, Hello Sergeant Carter”–are featured in a four-disc set. 12 2/3 hrs. total. Standard; Soundtrack: English Dolby Digital mono. **30 episodes on 4 discs. 12 2/3 hrs.**…

The Barkleys of Broadway


The Barkleys of Broadway


$2.99



The Barkleys of Broadway


The Barkleys of Broadway


$9.99



TheraNeem Gentle Therape Shampoo - 12 oz - Liquid


TheraNeem Gentle Therape Shampoo – 12 oz – Liquid


$8.95


Gentle Therape Shampoo TheraNeem Gentle Therapé Shampoo to enhance and support the healthy and vitality of the hair and scalp. The original TheraNeem Shampoo with organic Neem oil & Neem leaf extract, chamomile, arnica, pine, basil and cherry bark, this formula will clean gently and penetrate the scalp without harsh chemicals or soaps. Use TheraNeem Gentle Therapé C…

Shiseido Tsubaki Shining Conditioner with Tsubaki Oil EX - 550ml Pump Dispenser


Shiseido Tsubaki Shining Conditioner with Tsubaki Oil EX – 550ml Pump Dispenser


$10.50


The hottest new hair care line in Japan! The Japanese camellia, or tsubaki, is delivered from Shiseido in a sexy pump bottle designed to resemble the Tsubaki flower. Full of luscious molten emulsion for conditioning all hair types. Product Size: Net Volume: 550ml, or about 18.6 US fl oz…

Shiseido Tsubaki Shining Shampoo with Tsubaki Oil EX - 550ml Pump Dispenser


Shiseido Tsubaki Shining Shampoo with Tsubaki Oil EX – 550ml Pump Dispenser


$14.99


The hottest new hair care line in Japan! The Japanese camellia, or tsubaki, is delivered from Shiseido in a sexy pump bottle designed to resemble the Tsubaki flower. Full of luscious molten emulsion for cleansing all hair types. Product Size: Net Volume: 550ml, or about 18.6 US fl oz…

Kellogg's Rice Krispies Snap Crackle Pop Mens T-shirt


Kellogg’s Rice Krispies Snap Crackle Pop Mens T-shirt



An officially licensed Kellogg’s cotton/polyester t-shirt in mens sizes…


Cloth Parasol, Purple with Flowers (#8000PU)


Cloth Parasol, Purple with Flowers (#8000PU)


$9.95


Beautiful purple colored rayon parasol suitable for shading yourself from the sun!

Each parasol is hand painted with delicate flowers and or birds and flowers and are lightweight for easy carrying! Because each parasol is hand painted, the flower/bird/butterfly design may be slightly different than on the photo.

These rayon parasols are perfect for any wedding or outdoor function!

Each parasol …


Cloth Parasol, Pink Color w/Flowers #8000P


Cloth Parasol, Pink Color w/Flowers #8000P


$8.95


Pretty pink colored cloth parasols with a hand painted floral design, suitable for shading yourself from the sun! Each parasol is lightweight for easy carrying and these rayon parasols are perfect for any wedding or outdoor function! Each parasol opens to 35 inches in diameter. You won’t be disappointed!…

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